A Comprehensive Survey of Data Mining Techniques on Time Series Data for Rainfall Prediction

Time series data available in huge amounts can be used in decision-making. Such time series data can be converted into information to be used for forecasting. Various techniques are available for prediction and forecasting on the basis of time series data. Presently, the use of data mining techniques for this purpose is increasing day by day. In the present study, a comprehensive survey of data mining approaches and statistical techniques for rainfall prediction on time series data was conducted. A detailed comparison of different relevant techniques was also conducted and some plausible solutions are suggested for efficient time series data mining techniques for future algorithms.

Establishment of the mechanism of purification and levigation of green chemistry-assisted biocomposites of red ochre (Gairika): synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial, prebiotic, antioxidant, and antacid activities of the traditional Ayurvedic medicine Laghu Sutashekhara Rasa

Gairika (red ochre) has a long history of influencing human civilization. Gairika is a rich source of nutrients used for reproductive and brain health. Gairika is mentioned as an antacid drug in Indian Ayurvedic medicine under Laghu Sutashekhara Rasa (LSR). However, a detailed study on LSR has not been reported to date. In the present study, LSR was prepared, and a pharmaceutical SOP (standardization procedure) was reported to obtain batch-to-batch reproducibility. LSR was characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, and TGA analyses. LSR was tested in vitro for its antacid activity. Advanced instrumentation revealed that LSR formation produced symmetrical particles (5–8 µm) with kaolin, kaolinite, quartz, goethite, and hematite, along with the phytoconstituents of Goghrita (clarified cow’s butter), Shunthi, and Nagawalli, as confirmed by GC-MS/MS analysis. The FTIR study revealed the formation of a chelating complex of goethite and hematite along with their phytoconstituents. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of kaolin, kaolinite, quartz, goethite, and hematite. Using in vitro antacid experiments, LSR and Shunthi demonstrated significant antacid activity as compared to antacid drugs and standards in the market, such as CaCO3. The DPPH assay revealed IC50 values of 12.16 ± 1.23 mg/mL, which is 0.0029 of Trolox-equivalent antioxidant activity. The inhibition (18 ± 4 mm) against pathogens (S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and B. subtilis) and the prominent growth of gut microbiota-supported strains (S. boulardii, L. paracasei, and L. plantarum) observed on LSR formulation were indicative of LSR application as a prebiotic. Here, the mechanism of purification and levigation mentioned in the classical literature of LSR was established. Overall, purification of Gairika with cow ghee and levigation with Nagawalli may enhance the solubility, bioavailability, and shelf-life of LSR through hydration and co-crystallization mechanisms. This is the first comprehensive report on the pharmaceutical validation of LSR and its characterization. The results of the present study could contribute to the development and reliable reproduction of LSR and the utility of environmental red ochre as a medicine in combination with Shunthi (Zingiber officinale Roxb.), as prescribed under Indian Ayurvedic medicine

Experimental design of response surface methodology used for utilisation of palm kernel cake as solid substrate for optimised production of fungal mannanase

The results obtained from this work strongly indicate that the solid state fermentation (SSF) system using the palm kernel cake (PKC) as a substrate is an economical method for the production of β-mannanase at extremely low operational cost based on the fact that PKC is one of the cheap and abundant agro-waste by-products of the palm oil industry. Under initial conditions, i.e. 2 mm particle size of PKC, the moisture ratio of 1:1 of PKC:moistening agent and pH 7, Malbranchea cinnamomea NFCCI 3724 produced 109 U/gram distribution of the substrate (gds). The production of β-mannanase was optimised by the statistical approach response surface methodology (RSM) using independent variables, namely initial moisture (12.5), pH (9.0) and solka floc (100 mg). Noticeably, six fold enhancement of β-mannanase production (599 U/gds) was obtained under statistically optimised conditions. HPLC results revealed that β-mannanase is an endo-active enzyme that generated manno-oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerisation (DP) of 3 and 4. Semi-native PAGE analysis revealed that M. cinnamomea produced three isoforms of mannanase. Selective production of oligosaccharide makes M. cinnamomea β-mannanase an attractive enzyme for use in food and nutraceutical industries

Interaction of <i>βManAo</i> amino acids with substrate (M3) involved in different chemicals bonds.

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Intramolecular interaction of <i>βManAo</i>.

Main interactions are designated as Van der Waals interactions (yellow), conventional H-bonds (light blue), attractive non covalent π–π stacking interactions (red), electrostatic attraction as ionic bonds (dark blue) and disulfide bridges (black). Right columns represent the total number of different interactions. βManAo had majorly hydrogen bonds for the stability of the enzyme with two disulfide bonds at the positions Cys373-Cys324 and Cys312-Cys305.</p

Contour maps of free energy landscape as a function of RMSD (nm) value and radius of gyration (RG, nm).

(A) βManAo and (B) βManAo-M3 complex. The βManAo-M3 complex had lower subset of energy to reach the favorable state where the only enzyme βManAo had more than one energy subset.</p

The overall transition and interaction of M3 with <i>βManAo</i>.

(A) The transition of M3 from the initial docked position (black) to the final position (cyan) in the binding pocket of βManAo, (B) the interaction of M3 with the binding site residues (white) and anchored position of initial and final state of M3 with residue Tyr283 showing π−π intercations at a distance of 4.8 and 4.9 Å, respectively. In (C), the overall pocket dynamics of βManAo in complex with M3 is shown. The average pocket over the simulation is marked in yellow, appearing pocket in red, disappearing pocket in blue and M3 in black.</p

Validation of the predicted <i>βManAo</i> model.

(A) QMEAN score of the predicted model and local quality estimation of the model, (B) Ramachandran plot of βManAo by Procheck indicated that all the amino acids residues are falling in the allowed region, (C) Assessment of 3D model of βManAo by Verify 3D and (D) Assessment of non-bonding interaction of different atoms by ERRAT.</p

Binding free energy analysis of <i>βManAo-</i>M3 complex.

(A) Enthalpic contributions to the βManAo-M3 interactions, (B) Total binding free energy (ΔGbind) for βManAo-M3 complex, (C) Per residue contribution in the binding free energy of M3 with βManAo, (D) Total decomposition of free energy contribution per residue and per frame of MD stimulation run (90-100ns). LIG385 refers to M3.</p

Binding cavity and the 2D chemical figure of the binding site residues of <i>A</i>. <i>oryzae</i> β-mannanase (<i>βManAo</i>) with mannotriose (M3).

(A) Catalytic cavity of βManAo, (B) Active site amino acids interacting with M3 after docking.</p